JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (JPSHIS)
The Journal of Psychology, Sociology, History, and International Studies is a peer-reviewed publication dedicated to exploring the intricate relationships between psychological, social, historical, and international factors that shape human behavior, societies, and global interactions. This journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share innovative research, critical analyses, and insightful perspectives on the most pressing issues of our time. We publish original articles, reviews, and essays that examine the intersections of psychology, sociology, history, and international studies, and their implications for policy, practice, and social change.
JUBILEE YEAR OF HOPE: CATHOLIC WOMEN OF AWKA DIOCESE LIVING OUT THE FAITH
All baptized Christians are called to live out their faith in their various vocations in life. Undoubtedly, the content of the faith remains unchangeable, but the ways of living it out vary according to the different contexts of life. Such a duty demands constant witnessing to the faith in season and out of season. This call becomes even more pertinent in this Jubilee Year of Hope as proclaimed by Pope Francis. It is a time for inward reflection, but more especially a time of God’s favour. The realization of that favour depends on how firmly faith is anchored in hope and manifested in charity. These three theological virtues stand as a tripod in which each leg is as important as the other in providing support. Thus, the virtues intermingle in their operation, and none functions in isolation. However, evidence often abounds of Catholic women breeding divisive tendencies that do untold disservice to what Catholic Women Organization stands for. Furthermore, there are obvious challenges confronting Catholic women in Awka Diocese in their efforts to bear eloquent testimony to the faith. Consequently, there is a need for proper investigation into these challenges in order to chart a new beginning founded on the hope of a better future. Using a qualitative method, the researcher consulted relevant literature to identify the fundamental elements of a Jubilee Year. This provided a basis for examining how Catholic women live out their faith in the everydayness of their lives, notwithstanding the challenges they face.
IMPACT OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU), 1963-2002
This paper examines how external forces shaped the development, performance, and eventual transformation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) from 1963 to 2002. It explores the impact of Cold War rivalry, foreign economic pressures, international institutions, and global political expectations on the OAU’s diplomatic choices and structural limitations. The study argues that although the OAU was established to protect African sovereignty and unity, it nevertheless operated in ways that reflected the influence of global power rivalries, donor conditions, and shifting international norms. By analyzing themes such as Cold War alignments, economic dependence, regional conflicts, non-alignment, and the transition to the African Union (AU), the study highlights the tension between Africa’s pursuit of collective autonomy and the external constraints that shaped continental politics. It concludes that these external pressures contributed to both the weaknesses of the OAU and the drive for institutional renewal that produced the AU in 2002.
Idara C. Aniefiok-Ezemonye (PhD); Valentine Ojonuba Ikechi
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE COMMODIFICATION OF AFRICAN ARTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
This study examines the complex relationship between globalisation and the commodification of African arts, providing a critical analysis of its impact on African cultures, artists, and art forms. Globalisation has transformed the ways in which African art is perceived, produced, and consumed worldwide, raising questions about cultural ownership, authenticity, and value. The paper finds that globalisation has led to the commodification of African art, prioritising profit over cultural significance. It argues that African artists often face exploitation in the global art market, with limited control over their work and its value. A historical method is adopted for the study. Secondary sources on the subject are utilised and analysed qualitatively through discursive and narrative approaches. The article further argues that globalisation threatens the diversity of African art forms, leading to cultural homogenisation. The study highlights the experiences of African artists navigating the global art world, revealing challenges such as exploitation and the loss of traditional art forms. The research concludes that a nuanced understanding of the impact of globalisation on African arts is essential for promoting cultural diversity, preserving traditional art forms, and supporting African artists in the global art market. It recommends a critical approach to globalisation—one that balances economic opportunities with cultural sensitivity and preservation.
THE MORALITY OF REFUGEE INTEGRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WESTERN CULTURE
The morality of refugee integration has become a profound ethical and cultural question in contemporary Europe. The unprecedented influx of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa over the past decade has challenged the foundations of Western moral and cultural identity. Western civilisation has been shaped by Christian ethics, which emphasise compassion, hospitality, and the sanctity of human life. These moral imperatives have historically guided Europe’s humanitarian responses to global displacement crises. However, the growing openness of European borders, motivated by both moral conviction and political obligation, has generated significant cultural and religious consequences. This study examines the moral principles underpinning refugee integration within the context of Europe’s Christian heritage, exploring whether the moral ideal of universal compassion conflicts with the preservation of Western cultural and religious values. It analyses the ethical frameworks that justify refugee acceptance including the Christian duty of love (agape) and the secular humanitarian ideal of human rights while also interrogating the moral dilemmas that arise when integration leads to cultural tension, Islamisation, and social instability. The research employs ethical theory to evaluate how Europe’s moral posture, originally rooted in Christian humanitarianism, is being tested by the psychological, religious, and cultural transformations that accompany refugee resettlement. It argues that the West now faces a moral crossroads: whether to uphold an inclusive universalist ethic that transcends boundaries or to reaffirm a contextual moral order grounded in its Christian cultural legacy. The study concludes that sustainable integration must balance compassion with prudence, preserving both moral integrity and cultural identity in an increasingly pluralistic Europe.
ABALOGU, DIVINE MADUKA PhD; Ezumezu, Tochukwu C.V.
CRITICAL THINKING AS A CORE AIM OF EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGERIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
The growing recognition of critical thinking as an essential skill for navigating complex contemporary challenges has prompted educational systems worldwide to reconsider their pedagogical priorities and learning outcomes. This paper explores critical thinking as a core aim of education through philosophical analysis, examining its theoretical foundations and practical implications for educational practice. It utilizes philosophical inquiry to analyze the conceptual nature of critical thinking, tracing its intellectual heritage from ancient Socratic methods through Enlightenment rationality to contemporary educational philosophy. Based on relevant findings from philosophical literature, this study discusses how critical thinking facilitates intellectual development, moral reasoning, democratic citizenship, and effective problem-solving, and the impact this has on both individual learners and society. The paper examines the Nigerian educational context, analyzing current challenges including curriculum emphasis on memorization, teacher preparation inadequacies, examination-driven learning approaches, and socio-political factors that influence educational practice. Additionally, the paper addresses the philosophical challenges between promoting critical inquiry and maintaining respect for cultural values and established authority. It concludes by asserting that critical thinking, properly understood and implemented, can serve as a transformative educational goal that prepares students to be intellectually independent and socially responsible citizens while respecting cultural foundations.
George Chizoba Okpara; Ezeanolue Aloysius Okwuchukwu (Ph. D); Egbebu Francis Ugochukwu (PhD)
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AS INSTRUMENTS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA, 1976-1991
The plight of the rural dwellers and living conditions in the rural areas were issues of concern to governments of developing countries. Several strategies were adopted to address the challenges these conditions posed. Of significant importance in this regard were government agencies. With respect to Nigeria, these agencies were the River Basin Development Authority, (RBDA), The Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI). This paper seeks to demonstrate the suitability of these agencies as instruments of rural development, with a focus on Anambra State, during the period, 1976-1991. The consideration for this paper derives from the fact that temporal and spatial perspectives provide the accurate lenses through which the rural development agencies can be studied. This paper adopts a historical analysis of data, based on the mixed-method approach. Data derived from primary and secondary sources are presented thematically. It does not rely on theoretical constructs, but critically engages the available data to substantiate the kernel of its arguments. From the evidence available, the paper contends that while the RBDA and ADP projects were skewed towards agricultural transformation, those of the DFRRI was more holistic in approach. However, the projects executed by the agencies proved not to be sustainable.
CULTURAL FESTIVALS IN AWKA, 1970-2021: A CASE STUDY OF THE IMOKA FESTIVAL
Festivals are special occasions with specific purposes tied to various aspects of community life. They offer people an opportunity to rest from strenuous activities and to enjoy leisure time while participating in cultural entertainment. Imoka, one of the major festivals in Awka, has long served as a platform for sustaining cultural identity and uniformity among the Awka people and their neighbors. The Imoka Festival promotes cultural unity and serves as a vital medium for strengthening community bonds in Awka. This paper seeks to examine the origin of the Imoka Festival, address the problem of insecurity often associated with its celebration, and suggest ways to regenerate interest in the festival among the people of Awka. It also aims to showcase the town’s diverse cultural heritage and resources. The paper recommends that Awka festivals, particularly the Imoka Festival, should be preserved, developed, and promoted as tourist attractions. There should be increased youth enlightenment on the historical significance and cultural relevance of the festival. In addition, efforts should be made to create employment opportunities for the youth through the development of tourist centers and the preservation of Awka's cultural heritage. The methodology for this study includes both primary sources such as oral interviews and discussions and secondary sources, including published articles and books.
Edith Ifesinachuckwu; Prof. Ifeyinwa Emejulu
CHINESE WARS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: INSIGHTS FOR NIGERIA
The work throws light on a few of China's wars and conflict in the twentieth century, ranging from internal civil war between the Chinese communists party and the nationalist government, to conflicts that resulted from the annexation of Tibet, the Vietnamese and Korean Wars. Employing the Realist school of thought this works analyses the China's rational in employing the instrument of war in the pursuit of its foreign policy and national interest in the twentieth century. These Wars embarked by China had some implications on China. What were the implications and what are the lessons for Nigeria to learn from China's war operation strategy in the twentieth century; these are the questions that would be answered by this work.
COGNITIVE INSULATION THERAPY: A NOVEL PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION APPROACH
Psychological disorders such as Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and others need effective, efficient and result-oriented psychotherapeutic intervention. Cognitive Insulation Therapy (CIT) is a cognitive psychotherapeutic approach developed for managing and treating ED as well as several other disorders; CIT through its principles, chronological steps, sequence of application and delivery ensures the expected interventional outcomes. Its Cognitive Displacement, Cognitive Insertion, and Cognitive Stabilisation procedures arm every therapist and counsellor with the necessary treatment protocols to achieve the required psychoemobehavioural outcomes (PEBO).
THE IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON IGWEBUIKE PHILOSOPHY AND AFRICAN COMMUNALISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL ASSESSMENT
Nowadays, no one hears of the ravages of Corona virus, or crown virus in Africa but one still hears during winter that a strand of the virus is still alive and still cause ill heath in some part of Europe and America. This pandemic, Corona virus, known with the code, COVID 19 spread like a wild fire; in 2019, 2020, and 2021 and its impacts on so many sectors of African life were enormous. Many sectors of the worlds’ economy went into lockdown, likewise so many nations or countries in Africa. And with the introduction of COVID 19 sanitary rules or precautionary measures that were aimed at defeating the virus, like social distancing, staying at home, staying alone to stay safe, one instantly saw a serious problem or challenge and an attack to the foundation of African communitarian life and practice or communalism, also to Igwebuike Philosophy which is within African Communalism. African communalism as an African way is community oriented life it’s never individualistic. Using Philosophical analysis, as the methodology, exposition of COVID 19, African Communalism and Igwebuike philosophy is made, and the most dreadful effect of the pandemic is portrayed, and then, this noble life of African man is x-rayed too, so as to see its benefits to Africans of nowadays. Seeing the challenges posed by the Crown virus, the researcher portrays African Ethics of care as the way forward and this African Ethics of care is rooted firmly on African communalistic principles of living and on Igwebuike philosophy. Not only that the most vulnerable must be catered or cared for, however, African communalism is still in voyage with its solidarity palliatives and assistance from the governments, groups, and well to do Africans. It must reach to the less privileged ones and even to middle class among the privileged ones so as to gain enormous strength to defeat the pandemic together.
TOWARDS DECOLONIZED ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN AFRICA: INTEGRATING AI AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY
What has come to be known as Africa’s environmental governance has long been shaped by colonial-era policies that prioritize Western conservation models, extractive industries, and externally imposed regulatory frameworks. This study interrogates the intersection of sustainable development, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in reshaping Africa’s environmental policies beyond neo-colonial paradigms. It argues that AI, when ethically integrated with indigenous ecological knowledge, can serve as a de-colonial tool, challenging exploitative environmental governance and fostering locally driven, sustainable solutions. Drawing from historical and contemporary case studies, such as the Green Belt Movement in Kenya, indigenous-led reforestation efforts in Madagascar, and AI-powered climate resilience initiatives in West Africa, the paper explores how African communities are reclaiming environmental sovereignty through technological and cultural synergies. It examines the role of global financial institutions, transnational corporations, and African political elites in maintaining dependency-driven environmental policies. It also assesses grassroots movements advocating for policy reforms rooted in indigenous ecological traditions. The paper evaluates the ethical dilemmas of AI-driven environmental governance, questioning the risks of data colonialism and technological exclusion. By analyzing policy shifts, entrepreneurial innovations, and community-led resistance, this study posits that true sustainability in Africa hinges on an environmental framework that is not only technologically advanced but also culturally and historically attuned to indigenous knowledge systems. The paper concludes by advocating for a hybrid governance model that integrates AI’s predictive capabilities with the time-tested wisdom of Africa’s ecological traditions, ensuring that environmental sovereignty becomes central to Africa’s political and economic emancipation.
Mbalisi, Chinedu Nnaemeka PhD; Nwaiwu, Nnaedoziem Samuel; Alokwu, Cyprian Obiora
AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY AND LEGALITY OF THE STATE OF EMERGENCY AND SUSPENSION OF ELECTED OFFICERS IN RIVERS STATE BY TINUBU ADMINISTRATION IN MARCH, 2025: THE WAY FORWARD FOR SUSTENANCE OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
This study examines the constitutionality and legality of the declaration of a state of emergency and the suspension of elected officers in Rivers State by the Tinubu administration in March 2025. The analysis interrogates whether these actions align with the provisions of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, particularly regarding the circumstances under which a state of emergency can be declared, and the processes for removing or suspending elected officers. This study employs a qualitative research methodology to analyze the constitutionality and legality of the declaration of a state of emergency and the suspension of elected officers in Rivers State by the Tinubu administration in March 2025. The methodology combines doctrinal legal analysis, case law review, and comparative analysis to assess the constitutional and legal implications of these actions, as well as their impact on democratic governance in Nigeria. By reviewing relevant constitutional provisions, case laws, and principles of federalism and democratic governance, the study critically assess the constitutionality and legality of the federal government’s intervention in Rivers State, and its implications for the rule of law, political rights, and democratic stability in Nigeria. The study further explores the role of judicial review in ensuring that such actions comply with constitutional standards, and it offers a roadmap for safeguarding democratic governance through the strengthening of legal institutions, political accountability, and electoral integrity. The findings underscore the importance of adhering to constitutional processes to prevent executive overreach and maintain the legitimacy of democratic institutions in Nigeria.
Anas Elochukwu; Innocent-Franklyn Ezeonwuka
The international systems of the twenty-first century are being adjusted to accommodate new stark realities. One such reality is the assertiveness of those countries spearheading the efforts to replace the vestigial bipolarity of the Cold War period with multipolarity. Those countries are demanding enhanced inclusivity in the running of the systems. One such country is China. China is using different strategies to align its foreign policy with the roles it is poised to play in the twenty-first century. For example, it has established the Confucius Institute (its own language and culture institute), the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the Belt and Road Initiative, China International Development Cooperation Agency, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS (in partnership with Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa). Specifically for Africa, it has established the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)---the platform it is using to coordinate its policy towards the continent. Established in 2000, this ‘Africa + 1’ forum has enabled China to firm its presence on the continent. For example, it now has diplomatic ties with all African countries, except Eswatini. Furthermore, it has become the continent’s largest bilateral trading partner. FOCAC is a win-win mechanism in that while it has firmed China’s presence in Africa, it has widened Africa’s access to Chinese aid. The article, sourced with qualitative data, concludes that China’s dwindling capacity for interest-free and low-interest loans will concomitantly nibble away at Africa’s enthusiasm for FOCAC.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH IN OGIDI, 1892-1992
The advent of the Anglican Church in Ogidi in 1892, undoubtedly, turned everything around positively for the people and thereby created an immense opportunity for social, political and economic growth of the town. Using qualitative methodological approach, this paper attempts to investigate the contributions of the Anglican Church in Ogidi, between 1892 and 1992. It adopts the use of several sources of information which cut across primary and secondary sources to capture the contributions of the Church in different sectors of Ogidi. The findings of the paper reveal that the Anglican Church brought not only the Gospel of salvation through Jesus Christ, but also social and political reforms, Western education, modern medical services, economic development, and other social services. This study also identifies that from 1892 to 1992, the Church penetrated the four quarters of Ogidi with the Anglican brand of Christianity; established Churches and schools in each quarter, established Iyi-Enu Hospital, provided white-collar jobs for some of the early converts; reformed the political system and facilitated the abolition of some obnoxious cultural and traditional practices in the town. It concludes that the contributions of the Anglican church in Ogidi, between 1892 and 1992 led to the political and economic growth of the town, human capital development, emergence of an elite class of people and the elimination of some superstitious beliefs through western education and modern medical services.
Dan O. Chukwu; Ikenna Odife; D. C. Okwuosa
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF CONVENTIONAL MODELS OF STATES AND STATEHOOD IN AFRICA
The concept of statehood in Africa remains a subject of intense debate, particularly regarding its divergence from Western-centric models that emphasize sovereignty, territorial integrity, and institutional legitimacy. However, African states often grapple with weak governance structures, identity-based conflicts, and the persistence of informal political systems, raising critical questions about the applicability of mainstream statehood theories. This study examines the limitations of these conventional models in capturing the complexities of post-colonial African governance. Drawing on the Post-Colonial State Theory, the study explores how historical and socio-political contexts shape statehood in Africa. A qualitative research approach is adopted, relying on documentary analysis of scholarly works, policy reports, and historical records to assess governance patterns across different African states. The study underscores the inadequacy of Western statehood paradigms in explaining African political realities, arguing for a more context-specific approach that integrates indigenous governance practices and hybrid political systems. The findings reveal that while formal institutions exist, informal networks and traditional authority structures continue to play a significant role in governance. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to a nuanced understanding of African statehood beyond Western conceptual constraints. It concludes that African states should not be evaluated solely through external frameworks but rather through indigenous and historical lenses. Consequently, the study recommends the adoption of governance models that reflect Africa’s unique socio-political landscape, emphasizing inclusive state-building approaches that bridge formal and informal institutions for more effective governance.
Enueme, Paul Ovie; Okwuobi, Ifeyinwa Augustina
THE CHALLENGES OF NATIONHOOD AND STATE FORMATION IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC
Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, established in 1999, marked a significant transition from military rule to democratic governance. However, the nation continues to struggle with deep-rooted challenges in state-building, including ethnic tensions, institutional weaknesses, governance deficits, and security threats. These persistent issues hinder national cohesion and sustainable development. This study seeks to examine the complexities of Nigeria’s state-building process, focusing on the interplay between historical legacies, political structures, and socio-economic realities. Anchored in the Post-Colonial State Theory, the research explores how inherited colonial institutions and governance models have shaped contemporary political dynamics. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study analyzes historical and contemporary data to assess the impact of colonial structures on governance and national integration. The findings reveal that the persistence of colonial-era political arrangements, coupled with weak institutions and elite dominance, have perpetuated instability and governance inefficiencies. Additionally, the lack of inclusive governance and equitable resource distribution continue to fuel ethnic divisions and political discontent. The study underscores the urgent need for institutional reforms, stronger democratic structures, and inclusive governance to address these challenges. It recommends a deliberate effort to strengthen institutions, promote national dialogue, and enhance political accountability as essential steps toward sustainable state-building. By addressing these fundamental issues, Nigeria can foster a more stable and cohesive political landscape, paving the way for long-term national development.
Chukwu, Hamuel Oti; Ojiridike, Ibe Steve
MEDIATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION: PRESIDENT TINUBU’S APPROACH TO ECOWAS CRISES
West Africa continues to grapple with persistent political instability, characterized by military coups, insurgencies, and governance challenges. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has historically intervened through diplomacy, sanctions, and military actions to restore constitutional order. Since assuming the ECOWAS chairmanship in 2023, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has played a central role in conflict resolution, particularly in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Niger. His approach, blending diplomatic engagement, economic sanctions, and the threat of military intervention, has sparked both support and resistance across the region. This study examines the effectiveness of President Tinubu’s mediation strategies in addressing ECOWAS crises. Employing a qualitative research approach, it relies on secondary data sources, including ECOWAS communiqués, policy documents, and expert analyses. The research is grounded in the regional security complex theory, which explains how security dynamics in one West African state affect the entire region. Findings reveal that while Tinubu’s diplomatic efforts have facilitated dialogue, his firm stance on military intervention has generated significant controversy and resistance among some member states. The study underscores the need for ECOWAS to refine its conflict resolution mechanisms by adopting a more inclusive and sustainable approach. It concludes that lasting peace in the region requires a balanced strategy that integrates political dialogue, economic incentives, and security assistance. The study recommends that ECOWAS prioritize multilateral engagement, enhance its early warning systems, and promote regional stability through long-term governance reforms and economic development initiatives.
Dr Ikechukwu Emmanuel Uvere; Onyendi, Goodness Chinaza Nelvin
AI-ENHANCED ENTREPRENEURIAL MARKETING STRATEGIES
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of entrepreneurial marketing, offering unprecedented capabilities for data analysis, customer engagement, and strategic decision-making. This paper explores the impact of AI-enhanced marketing strategies on entrepreneurial ventures, examining how AI tools and techniques can optimize marketing efforts, personalize customer experiences, and drive business growth. By integrating insights from recent literature and quantitative analysis, this study highlights the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of AI in marketing. The findings reveal that AI can significantly enhance marketing efficiency, foster innovation, and provide a competitive edge for entrepreneurs. However, the adoption of AI also presents challenges related to data privacy, ethical considerations, and the need for continuous technological adaptation.
Revd Dr Chukwunonso Jodseph Nosike; Dr. Okafor Ifeoma Pethronila
THE ROLE OF HUMAN TRANSFORMATION IN CURBING ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES: ANALYZING THE LIMITATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE NIGERIAN ELECTORAL PROCESS
The prevalence of electoral malpractices in Nigeria has remained a significant concern for democracy and governance. While technological interventions have been introduced to mitigate electoral fraud, such as electronic voting systems and biometric voter identification, the deep-seated issues of human corruption, manipulation, and moral decay persist, limiting the efficacy of these innovations. This article argues that human transformation rooted in ethical reform, value reorientation, and civic responsibility is essential for addressing the root causes of electoral malpractices. By analyzing the limitations of technology in the Nigerian electoral process, this paper highlights the complementary role of human transformation alongside technological advancements to foster transparent, free, and fair elections. The theory adopted is Transformative Learning Theory. Drawing from theoretical frameworks on governance and human development, the article discusses the necessity for a holistic approach that emphasizes character formation, leadership ethics, and civic education. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of institutionalizing these transformations for sustained democratic progress. The methods of data collection in this research is both primary and secondary sources, such as previous works of foreign and local authors who have written on the relevant issues in journals, books of reading, internet documentaries and lecture notes. The primary sources include both participant and non-participant methods of observation.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVERS OF SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN SELECTED WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND ECOWAS DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
Separatist movements in West Africa presents a profound challenge to state sovereignty and regional integration, rooted in deep-seated socio-economic grievances such as inequality, uneven resource allocation, political exclusion, and cultural marginalization. These movements not only fuel instability but also hinder the developmental aspirations of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which seeks to promote peace, security, and growth across the region. This study investigates the socio-economic drivers of separatist movements in selected West Africa and their implications for regional stability and development. Employing secondary data and case studies of notable separatist movements, the research is grounded in Dependency Theory, which examines structural inequalities and external pressures, and Regional Security Theory, which underscores the interplay between development and stability. The findings reveal critical gaps in ECOWAS’s current development strategies, which often fail to address localized grievances, thereby creating opportunities for separatist movements to thrive. These shortcomings underscore the need for a more inclusive and decentralized approach to governance and resource distribution. This study’s significance lies in its contribution to understanding the socio-economic underpinnings of separatist movements and its call for ECOWAS to re-evaluate its development and conflict prevention strategies. It concludes that achieving lasting peace and regional stability requires ECOWAS to address structural inequalities, foster collaboration with member states for equitable development, and strengthen its mechanisms for conflict prevention. These recommendations aim to align regional efforts with the localized needs of affected communities, paving the way for sustainable peace and integration in West Africa.
MANDARIN CHINESE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
The emergence of China as a major global economic, political, and cultural power has generated increasing interest in Mandarin Chinese as a foreign language worldwide, including in Africa. In Nigeria, the study and teaching of Mandarin have transitioned from informal, commerce-driven interactions to formalized, institutionalized programs integrated into universities, secondary schools, and national education policy frameworks. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Mandarin Chinese education in Nigeria, exploring its historical evolution, current status, and prospective future developments. Drawing on academic literature, policy documents, and institutional reports, the study situates the expansion of Mandarin education within the broader context of Nigeria–China relations, international diplomacy, and China’s cultural and educational outreach through Confucius Institutes. The paper identifies key challenges, including shortages of qualified local instructors, infrastructure limitations, and uneven policy implementation, as well as debates over the role of foreign language promotion in relation to indigenous languages. It further highlights the opportunities presented by growing economic and diplomatic engagement with China, curricular inclusion at secondary and tertiary levels, and the potential for localized capacity building. The study concludes that the long-term sustainability and expansion of Mandarin Chinese education in Nigeria depend on strategic investment in teacher training, curriculum development, and institutional capacity, as well as a balanced approach to multilingual education that aligns global competencies with national linguistic priorities.
SIMILITUDES IN THE BIAFRAN AND AMBAZONIAN AGITATIONS, 1967–2022
Secessionist agitations have occurred in post-colonial Africa, often arising from the artificial boundaries imposed during the colonial era, which merged disparate ethnic groups into single political entities. Both Biafra (in Nigeria) and Ambazonia (in Cameroon) initiated unsuccessful bids for independence, driven by profound disillusionment among their indigenous populations. This disaffection was largely rooted in the pogroms experienced by Biafrans in northern Nigeria and the systematic political and socio-economic marginalisation of Ambazonians by the Cameroonian state. This study comparatively analyses these two movements, exploring their similarities, and examining how the responses of the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments have affected national integration efforts in both countries. Utilising data derived from secondary and tertiary materials, supplemented by the researcher's observations, the study reveals several key findings. In both cases, secessionist agitations were fundamentally linked to sustained political and economic marginalisation. A notable shared post conflict strategy has been the adoption of "sit-at-home" protests as a major form of civil disobedience. Furthermore, the contiguous territories of both movements suffered extensive human and infrastructural losses as epicenters of their respective conflicts and share common ethnic groups across the Nigeria-Cameroon border. The study recommends that the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments should strengthen bilateral cooperation to manage separatist activities, implement more inclusive and participatory governance policies, and as a last resort, consider organising a referendum for these marginalised groups in question.
IMPACT OF URBAN GROWTH IN NEW OWERRI IMO STATE ON HOST COMMUNITIES, 1976-2020
This study examines the impact of urban growth in New Owerri, Imo State, on host communities between 1976 and 2020, with a view to highlighting its effects and implications on the host communities. It analyzes government implementation of rural land-use policies, as well as the problems and prospects these policies present for the communities. The study emphasizes the commonalities, peculiarities, and contributions of the host communities to the development of New Owerri. The study recognizes that three (3) communities host the “twin city” of Owerri, officially referred to as New Owerri, with emphasis on the area and size of land mass each community contributed to the development of the twin city. The research method adopts a historical narrative approach, thematically and analytically structured, using qualitative methods for collecting and interpreting available data. Both primary and secondary sources were utilized, including oral interviews, journals, and books relevant to the study.The findings reveal that the urban built environment in the area has more than doubled over the 44-year period (1976 2020). Urban expansion occurred largely at the expense of vegetation, fallow lands, open spaces, and, to some extent, wetlands. The study further shows that the host communities have been impacted positively, negatively, or both. It concludes by recommending that principles of planning standards, land control, and land suitability should be strictly adhered to in the development process of New Owerri for the benefit of the host communities.
Augustine Uche Igwe; Edward Dabere Opara
CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE BY THE POLICE FOR CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN NIGERIA
This paper examines the challenges facing the police in the use of forensic science in crime prevention and control in Nigeria. The problem of unabated criminal behaviour has been worrisome for the safety of lives and property in the country. Constitutionally, the police have the responsibility of maintaining law and order, fighting crime, protecting lives and property, and employing forensic science in criminal investigations; yet, the crime rate continues to escalate daily. The paper discusses the types and significance of forensic evidence, as well as the challenges of criminal justice in forensic investigations. The objective of this study is to ascertain the challenges confronting the utilization of forensic science by the police within Nigeria’s criminal justice system and to explore ways of employing it to curtail the high rate of crime in the country. The theoretical framework of this discourse is the Deterrence Theory of Crime Prevention. This paper relies on secondary sources such as national and international journals, books, and related materials. The study reveals that the challenges facing the police include the poor standard of legal education in Nigeria, as well as inadequate forensic skills and equipment, which negatively affect forensic investigations and the operational capacity of the police and other security agencies. There is no doubt that the use of forensic science in criminal investigation and the justice system provides valuable information that cannot be obtained through other conventional methods of investigation. It also assists in determining the innocence or guilt of suspects amidst complex criminal circumstances. This paper recommends that forensic investigators acquire adequate training and skills to enhance their professional competence, identify suspects more effectively, and reduce the incidence of violent crimes and murder in Nigeria.
UNITY IN DIVERSITY: THE IMPERATIVE OF DEPOLITICIZING INDIGENEITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN NIGERIA
This study examined the politicisation of indigeneity and citizenship in Nigeria with the aim of understanding how these concepts have been used and misused in political, social, and administrative contexts, and how such practices have affected national unity. The objectives of the study were to explore the relationship between indigeneity and citizenship, assess the political uses and misuses of indigeneity through selected case studies, evaluate the consequences of politicised indigeneity on national integration, and propose legal, constitutional, and social reforms for its depoliticisation. The study adopted a qualitative analytical method, relying on secondary sources such as journal articles, policy papers, legal documents, and reports from reputable institutions. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis to identify patterns and implications of indigeneity in Nigeria’s political structure. Findings revealed that indigeneity, though originally intended to preserve cultural identity, has been manipulated to create exclusionary boundaries, foster discrimination, and hinder national cohesion. Furthermore, the study established that the politicisation of indigeneity undermines citizenship rights, fuels interethnic distrust, and weakens the legitimacy of the state. It concluded that comprehensive constitutional, legal, and social reforms are crucial for promoting inclusive citizenship and building a truly united Nigeria.
REVIVING INDIGENOUS WISDOM: THE INFLUENCE OF IGBO CONFLICT RESOLUTION ON CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL DIPLOMACY
Modern diplomacy and international peacebuilding often rely on Western-centric frameworks that may overlook indigenous perspectives. This article explores the overlooked potential of Igbo traditional conflict resolution mechanisms in contributing to the evolution of more inclusive and sustainable global peace strategies. The study is motivated by the problem of cultural disconnect in existing peacebuilding approaches, which frequently neglect indigenous systems rooted in communal values and participatory justice. The objective of this research is to examine how Igbo conflict resolution practices—anchored in oral traditions, consensus building, and communal accountability—can complement and enhance modern diplomatic efforts. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study draws from oral histories, cultural narratives, and secondary literature to analyze these indigenous mechanisms. It is guided by a post-colonial and communitarian theoretical framework, which foregrounds the importance of cultural context and collective responsibility in conflict resolution. The findings reveal that Igbo practices offer flexible, inclusive, and community-centered approaches that contrast with the rigidity of formal diplomatic systems. These methods emphasize reconciliation, restitution, and long-term harmony, making them highly relevant for contemporary peacebuilding challenges. The study concludes that integrating such traditional approaches into formal frameworks can improve the legitimacy, effectiveness, and sustainability of peace efforts globally. It recommends that policymakers, international organizations, and peace practitioners consider adopting and adapting indigenous conflict resolution methods—like those of the Igbo people—within global peace processes, thus fostering a more culturally attuned and enduring pathway to global harmony.
Ifeanyi Ugochukwu Sanctus; Nwaneri Justin Chukwuma Ph.D
“NATIONALIZATION OF RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE, 1980-2008”
The nationalization of resources in post-colonial Africa has been a contentious policy approach, particularly in countries like Zimbabwe, where control over natural resources was viewed as a pathway to economic sovereignty and development. In the decades following independence, Zimbabwe implemented policies aimed at redistributing land and resources to the majority population, driven by the need to address inequalities inherited from the colonial era. However, the outcomes of these policies have been mixed, sparking significant debates regarding their impact on economic growth, investment and poverty reduction. This paper adopts historical research methodology relying primarily on secondary sources to examine Zimbabwe’s experience with the nationalization of resources with a focus on land reform and the mining sector. It assesses whether these policies have facilitated sustainable development or exacerbated economic challenges. This paper concludes that, although nationalization policies were intended to equitable wealth distribution and economic growth, their flawed implementation- the fast track land reform resulted to international sanctions and withdrawal of foreign aid. These consequences have had a detrimental impact on the country’s economy. The paper offered recommendations aimed at aligning resource governance with long-term economic growth and social equity.
MANY VOICES, ONE NIGERIA: A CRITIQUE OF NATIONALISM AND NATIONISM
It is an undisputable fact that language is an indispensable tool for national development, stability and unity, Language is viewed as the pivot around which all human activities revolve, Such activities as cultural and traditional expressions leading to inculcation of ideologies, establishing interaction amongst people, dissemination of information, advancing education, commerce and industries are the major roles language plays in human and national development. Language is the tool for the integration of diversified cultures, However, with the current ugly trend of events in the political space in Nigeria where inter-group relationship is characterized by rivalry Instead of healthy competition and inclusiveness, dominance instead of cooperation, exploitation instead of collaboration, centralization and dictatorship instead of decentralization and democracy, the problem remains whether one can comfortably say "many voices one Nigeria," With this in mind, this paper attempts a critique of the notions of "Nationalism" and "Nationism" in Nigeria and concludes that the bane of national development in Nigeria is the dominance of nationism.
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FISH PRODUCTION IN THE NIGER DELTA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIA’S ECONOMY
Nigeria is richly endowed with natural resources, including substantial water bodies that present vast economic opportunities. Among these is the Niger Delta region, whose coastal and inland waterways hold significant potential for fisheries development. Despite fish being one of the most widely consumed protein sources in Nigeria, a large portion of the nation's fish supply is imported. This occurs even though the Niger Delta has the capacity to meet domestic demand through local production. This paper aims to explore the potential of fish production in the Niger Delta as a driver of economic growth and a contributor to Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It also examines the major constraints facing the fisheries sector in the region—ranging from environmental degradation to infrastructural and policy-related challenges—and proposes actionable solutions for sustainable development of the industry.
REMAKING AFRICA THROUGH THE INSTRUMENTALITY OF RELIGION: A FOCUS ON POVERTY REDUCTION
During the precolonial period, dating back to early nineteenth century, when Africa had established empires, kingdoms and states, there was both poverty and affluence. The poverty of that time, however took a different form. In general, traditional Africa was fairly governed by traditional, mores, customs and laws that regulated the economy of the people and the nation- states in precolonial indigenous societies. African beliefs and indigenous system had real and symbolic meaning and granted protection to African children, women and the poor. Reinvigorating these practices and traditions was an important aspect of long-term poverty reduction in Africa and the Africans in diaspora. However, in the colonial period some of these traditions lost their power as colonial rule and laws were introduced. Africans began to lose their sense of religio- cultural identity as a new group of elites emerged to replace the traditional rulers and to collaborate with the colonial powers. Despite its natural resources and riches, Africa is now known to the world as a poor continent. Though materially poor, Africa is spiritually wealthy. It is a continent where African traditional religion, Christianity and Islam are well established. The data for this research was collected through primary and secondary sources, and interpreted through descriptive method. This focuses on religion and poverty. There is a strong link between religion and poverty. There are two major forms of poverty, the structural and spiritual. Structural or material poverty is what Africans are faced with today. Poverty is described in its severe sense as food shortage, malnutrition, inadequate housing, disease and illiteracy etc. The findings of this research, is that poverty is as old as Africa, the church and government had fought and is still fighting poverty. This research recommends that the church, government, NGOs and other international bodies should join forces to fight poverty in Africa.
Rev Edwin Otubo Nwanchor (PhD); Kalu Ndukwe