JOURNAL OF LAW, LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND GENDER STUDIES (JLLLGS)
The Journal of Law, Language, Literature, and Gender Studies (ISSN: 3121-939X; E-ISSN: 3121-9381) is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary publication dedicated to exploring these intersections and fostering a deeper understanding of the ways in which they shape our societies, cultures, and individual experiences. This journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to engage with the most pressing issues at the nexus of law, language, literature, and gender studies. We publish original research articles, reviews, and essays that critically examine the ways in which law, language, and literature reflect, shape, and challenge societal norms, power dynamics, and gender roles.
REPRESENTATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA IN AGARY’S YELLOW YELLOW
This study examines the dynamics of trauma in Kaine Agary’s Yellow-Yellow, a Nigerian literary work that interrogates the place of trauma and oppression in Nigerian society. It explores the various forms of trauma and degradation evident in the text and the wider social context. This analysis will be carried out through a close textual reading of the primary text. Situations depicted in the novel foreground the traumatic and exploitative tendencies of the ruling class/bourgeoisie and the adverse effects of their actions on the lower class. The development of trauma theory was precipitated by studies on neurosis and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Foundational contributions were made by nineteenth-century neurologists such as Sigmund Freud, Joseph Breuer, Pierre Janet, and Jean-Martin Charcot, whose therapeutic studies on shock and hysteria helped shape the field. Trauma theory will therefore be used to investigate the psychological distress experienced by victims of oppression, exploitation, and social disruption as portrayed in the novel. The study demonstrates the devastating impact of trauma on characters subjected to unbearable conditions imposed by forces beyond their control. It also draws on Cathy Caruth’s insights into the unspeakable and repetitive aspects of trauma, including the unknowing reenactment of traumatic experiences by victims. Kaine Agary’s Yellow-Yellow represents her literary engagement with the experiences associated with crude oil exploitation in Nigeria’s oil-rich Niger Delta region and its numerous destructive consequences for the inhabitants, with particular emphasis on the plight of women as victims.
Sylvanus Onyeachulam C.; Celestine Onyemakaosinaeme Opara
CONTENTIOUS ISSUES IN NIGERIA'S DEMOCRATIC EXPERIENCE, 1999-2008
This paper therefore seeks to describe and analyze those issues and developments in the current democratic dispensation that are contentions and therefore antithetical to the attainment of genuine democracy in Nigeria. To address this paper is divided into four sections. The first conceptualizes democracy, in the second section a brief historical exposition on the quest for democracy is highlight, followed an analysis of the programmes of the fourth Republic that tend to run foul of genuine democratic culture. Finally concluding remarks are made.
READING PROBLEMS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: SOME OBSERVATIONS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
In this paper, ten typical reading problems in secondary schools and six possible sources of these problems are discussed, with particular reference to Nigerian secondary schools. The discussion is based mainly on the evidence obtained by observation and research findings. The importance of teaching reading as a subject in the secondary school curriculum is indicated, and recommendations are made to ensure the provision of facilities for both remedial and developmental work in Nigeria's primary and post-primary institutions of learning, as a means of minimizing the problems and facilitating communication and learning.
AN ANALYSIS OF HATE SPEECH DISCOURSE IN POLITICAL CAMPAIGN SONGS DURING THE 2023 ELECTION IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
This study examines the discourse of hate speech in political campaign songs used during the 2023 elections in Benue State, Nigeria. The research is anchored on Tajfel and Turner’s Social Identity Theory, which provides a framework for analyzing how political actors use hate speech to categorize and maintain social identities. The study adopted a case study design and employed purposive sampling to select relevant data. Data were sourced through secondary means by transcribing audio recordings of campaign songs from the APC and PDP. Findings reveal that hate speech is a dominant feature of political campaign discourse in Benue State, reinforcing negative stereotypes and deepening social divisions. The songs extensively employ social categorization and stereotyping, fostering an “us versus them” mentality that sustains the normalization of hate speech among party supporters. The study concludes that hate speech in campaign songs poses serious threats, including political polarization, incitement to violence, and the erosion of democratic values.
A PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATION OF IBRAHIM TRAORE’S QUINTESSENTIAL LEADERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT: A CRITQUE OF CORRUPT LEADERSHIP IN AFRICA
This paper explores the persistent challenge of underdevelopment in Africa, attributing it largely to poor leadership and entrenched corruption. Despite long standing effort by African leaders to drive development, corruption remains a major impediment. The 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International ranks Nigeria’s Bola Ahmed Tinubu and Kenya’s William Ruto among the most corrupt leaders globally, highlighting the need for a fundamental change in leadership mentality. The paper argues that any meaningful and sustainable development in Africa must begin with the transformation of the African mind – emphasizing holistic human development across social, political, religious, and ethical domains. As a counter example to prevailing leadership failures, the paper highlights Ibrahim Traore of Burkina Faso, whose leadership under a military regime has demonstrated a tangible progress in several sectors. Traore’s call for a united Sahel and a broader united Africa is presented as a viable part towards a true independence from lingering Western neo - colonial structures. Using Philosophical analysis as its methodology, the paper calls for a rethinking of leadership, development and identity in Africa.
VARIATIONS IN SPEECH STYLE IN CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE’S PURPLE HIBISCUS
The focus of this paper is on the use of variations in speech style by interlocutors in dialogues. Interactants engaged in verbal discourse employ different speech styles on different occasions. This is largely informed by the fact that no one speaks in exactly the same way on all occasions. Many factors inform these shifts such as the speaker, the addressee, the setting, the topic of discourse and the purpose of discourse. Using Chimamanda Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus, this study seeks to identify the variations in the speech style in the dialogues of the characters and the motivations for the shifts. It also seeks to determine the way the shifts affected the relationships between the characters as well as the power structures that are at play. To achieve these objectives, eight sample excerpts purposively selected from the text were used as data while ethnography of communication was used as the theoretical framework. Findings revealed that the different speech style variations identified were influenced mainly by the situation and social distance.
INFORMAL BUSINESSES IN NIGERIA: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF LOCAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Informal businesses constitute a significant portion of Nigeria's economy, providing employment, income, and essential goods and services in the face of limited formal job opportunities. This study explores the role of local entrepreneurship within the informal sector as a driver of economic development in Nigeria. It examines how small scale, unregistered businesses contribute to poverty reduction, innovation, and community resilience, while also addressing the challenges they face, including limited access to finance, regulatory constraints, and infrastructural deficits. Using qualitative and descriptive method of data analysis, the research highlights the adaptive strategies of informal entrepreneurs and their potential to spur inclusive growth. The findings underscore the need for supportive policies that recognize the value of informal enterprises and facilitate their integration into broader economic planning. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the informal economy's role in national development and offers policy recommendations to harness its full potential for sustainable economic progress.
Daniel Chukwuma Nzereogu, PhD; Chiamaka Esther Nzereogu
BALANCING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF NOISE POLLUTION FROM PLACES OF WORSHIP IN NIGERIA
This paper extensively examined noise pollution from places of worship: A legal analysis of Nigerian laws and regulations. The paper adopted the doctrinal review method to achieve this aim. Different religious bodies, that is, Christian, Muslim, Traditional worshippers are contributing directly and indirectly to environmental pollution through their activities at their worship centres without putting in mind and giving a hoot about how their neighbours feel around them. Generally statutory and policy provisions regulating noise pollution in Nigeria have lofty aims and are quite salutary, there is however the need for proper implementation. The threat posed by noise pollution to human health and the environment has not received the attention it needs. It is also necessary for the government to revise and restructure environmental legislations. The public in general, as well as the enforcement of the Statutory Acts on noise pollution, require this reform. In conclusion, the paper recommends the need for the effective implementation of the laws regulating noise pollution in Nigeria and advocates for the strict adherence to the enforcement of these laws and punishments rather than shutting down the religious worship centres which seem not enough to curb the menace.
Ugboh, Moses Oluchukwu; Dr. Ejike Francis Okaphor
L’IMPACT DE SMARTPHONE DANS L’APPRENTISSAGE DU FRANÇAIS LANGUE ETRANGERE
Le développement et l’émergence de la technologie Smartphones montrent le nouveau système de l’apprentissage de la langue française. L’utilisation de Smartphone dans l’apprentissage de la langue française joue un rôle crucial par les apprenants du français langue étrangère (FLE). Cette technologie donne une nouvelle vision sur l’apprentissage et facilitent les deux pôles (enseignant et apprenant) dans l’étude didactique. Ce travail focalise de résoudre la problématique de la communication orale rencontré par les apprenants du français langue étrangère (FLE). Nous avons utilisé la théorie des affordances et cette théorie porte sur le concept d’interface homme-machin(IHM).L’article adopte une approche qualitative pour recueillir les données. Les résultats ont montré que l’utilisation de téléphone portable a contribué à l’apprentissage du français langue étrangère (FLE) au niveau communication. La recherche recommande que les utilisations de « Smartphone» améliorent les difficultés rencontrées par les apprenants du français langue étrangère (FLE).
DARAMOLA, Segun Felix (PhD); Anthonia Nwaukoni
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTRAINTS IN THE MASTERY OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN NIGERIA
The study analyses the psycholinguistic constraints affecting the mastery of English as a second language (ESL) in Nigeria. It particularly examines how the interlanguage phenomenon, fossilization and various affective factors influence the learning processes of second language learners of English. To determine how these constraints contribute to the poor mastery of English language, the study adopts a survey design to gather data. Descriptive statistics, specifically simple percentages, are used to analyze the data collected from the sampled population. The theoretical framework for the study is Stephen Krashen’s (1982) Theory of Second Language Acquisition, which consists of five hypotheses and is considered most appropriate for this research. The findings reveal that certain constraints significantly impede the mastery of English as a second, while, to a large extent, some factors facilitate the people’s performance in acquiring of English.
ADEJUWON, REBECCA TITILAYO; UCHE, MARTINA CHIOMA
A LINGUISTIC INQUIRY INTO SUPRASEGMENTAL USAGE IN HUMAN SPEECH
Suprasegmentals are complex sound features superimposed on syllables of words and longer utterances. They interact with sound segments which are arranged into syllables, to effect non-lexical changes in the meanings and functions of English utterances. These changes in turn contribute to more effective speech delivery and interpretation. However, many non- native speakers of the English language are unaware of these prosodic features and as a result, do not utilize them properly. This research therefore examines major prosodic elements by highlighting their meanings, features and functions in speech, drawing insights from printed and online materials. It concludes by advocating for the conscious learning, comprehension and regular application of suprasegmentals communication.
DECOLONIZATION OR RECOLONIZATION: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF POST INDEPENDENCE ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA
Six decades have come and gone, after African countries secured political independence, yet they have not been able to boast of economic independence. Western-dictated economic policies, which the dictators said would put Africa on the path of economic development and eventual decolonization, have failed to do so. African economies are still precariously tied to the economies of the West, and the centre-periphery linkage has gained sustenance rather than severance, leading to the impoverishment and under-development of Africa by the West. This deleterious situation has attracted the attention of scholars, who have taken it upon themselves to find out why economic emancipation has been long in coming. Two schools of thought have emerged- the Neo-liberal School and the Neo-Marxist School of thought. While the former believes that African economies are being gradually decolonized despite the sorry state of affairs, and that decolonization process, though has been slow, has already started with the adoption of western tailored economic policies, the neo-marxist scholars believe that the contrary is the case. They believe that Africa is not yet on the path of de-colonization, but is going through the process of re-colonization, as it faithfully implements dictated economic policies, and that this explains why Africa has not yet secured economic independence. This paper assesses the economic policies of post-Independent Africa in the light of these two schools of thought, to find out which of the schools’ argument is relevant for understanding and addressing the economic challenges of contemporary Africa. Secondary sources which are analyzed quantitatively utilizing a discursive approach, are used for the study. It shows, based on the evidence examined, that the continent is going through the process of re-colonization. and offers suggestions on how to put the African economies on the path of de-colonization.
LAWRENCE Chichebem Solomon; OBIENUSI, Ihuoma Elizabeth
THE REPRESENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN ISIDORE OKPEWHO'S TIDES
Environmental degradation is one of the foremost cankerworms plaguing the Niger-Delta region of the country, Nigeria. The discovery of oil region has become a curse instead of a blessing to the people there. The activities of the oil companies and with the trait support of the Federal Government has become a source of sorrow and nightmare to the inhabitants whose local environment has been destroyed. So in this study, "Environmental Degradation in Isidore Okpewho's Tides, " the researchers set out to portray how the writer criticised the events in his society, and how the story serves as a reflection of the problems of the masses and the downtrodden in our society. The novelist made use of the literary medium to satirise the leaders in Africa and their styles of exercising reins of power which, instead of ameliorating the problems of the people and bringing in even development, only succeed in creating more suffering, pain and disappointment. Therefore, the theory that anchors this study is Ecocriticism which emphasis on the symbiotic relationship between literature and the environment. Isidore Okpewho shows the humiliation, oppression, insensitivity, waste of lives, exploitation, cruelty of the ruling class, especially the military, on the citizens, as a result of greed and capitalist tendencies, which impoverish the citizens due to oil exploitation and mismanagement. The researchers used both primary and secondary sources in the analysis of data. The findings showed that the citizens of the Niger-Delta experience betrayal, oppression, deprivation, and environmental degradation as a result of oil exploration. Hence, the research seeks to solve the problems of Niger-Delta and its environment treated in Isidore Okpewho's Tides.
Obi Gladys Nwakaego, PhD; Madu, Lovina Ihunanya; Udeh, Bryan Jachukwuike, PhD
ALL THAT MATTERS IS JAPA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION DISCOURSE ON SOCIAL MEDIA
Migration or japa has achieved ubiquity in everyday offline and online discourse in Nigeria. This study focuses on migration discourse (spoken and written) churned out by Nigerians on social media with the aim of highlighting ideologies and discursive and social practices in them. The present study is prompted by the growing discourse on japa on social media. Seven migration texts obtained from the social media handles of Nigerian immigrants observed between July and August 2024 formed the data for the study, and Fairclough’s three-tier model of CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) was applied in textual analysis. Findings reveal that personal pronouns like I and we were used to construct and deconstruct in group and out-group identities by the immigrants, and the identity of immigrants is constructed as Japarians. Deictic expressions were also employed to create distancing and US vs THEM in-group glorification and out-group derogation. The study concludes that migration discourse on social media fosters ideologies that motivate the youth to believe that japa is the panacea for a better life in present-day Nigeria.
DISCOURSE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED INTERVIEWS OF FORMER PRESIDENT OBASANJO
Interviews have enjoyed a lot of attention in Discourse Analysis with studies investigating their peculiarities vis-à-vis the smooth flow often expected in conventional human talk. However, while focus has mostly been on the standard description of their discourse structure, this study pays attention to discourse patterns that seem to challenge the formulaic structure of interviews due to the idiosyncrasies of the interviewee. Using Sinclair and Coulthard’s IRF model of Generic Structure Potential, transcripts of two interviews granted by Nigeria’s ex-president Olusegun Obasanjo in 2002, accessed from the archives of The Punch and BBC, were analysed to reveal how the interviewee’s interactional style impinged on the structure of talk. Initiation is often duplicated in the exchanges as the ex-president appears to take exception to certain moves perceived as offensive toward his person or his country. The second initiation thus serves both as check/challenge and negotiation of a new line of questioning. While the established initiation response structure largely holds throughout the conversation, the interviews display an unusually numerous instances of interviewee evaluation of questioner, interviewee elicitation and topic negotiation where informing and focus moves are expected. While the interviews are still reconcilable with the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) structure of discourse, the study shows that personality of the interviewee, location and other sociolinguistic indices can vary the structure of interviews.
Olushola OYADIJI; Idowu Paul ODEBIYI; Adekemi Edith ALIYU
PREDATORS AND THEIR PREY: THE PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN SELECTED NIGERIAN NOVELS
This research has explored psychoanalytical perspectives of violence as human rights abuse in Chimeka Garricks’ Tomorrow Died Yesterday (2010), Adaobi Nwaubani’s Buried beneath the Baobab Tree (2019) and Chigozie Obioma’s An Orchestra of Minorities (2019). The study has examined the different portrayals of violence such as rape, sexual assault, forced marriage, domestic abuse, war, terrorism/insurgency, discrimination, tranny, exploitation, betrayal, stereotype and consistent oppression to reveal how they grossly affect the physical and mental wellness of violated victims in the selected novels. This research has employed Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical concepts in the interpretation of characters’ behaviour during violent experiences with diverse overwhelming reactions and psychological consequences. The study has discovered that both conscious and unconscious behaviour or actions of the protagonist during and after violence are caused by Oedipal Guilt—a death factor with psycho-emotional implication leading to nervousness, obsession, psychic split or death. Most of the male characters who employed aggressive superego died in their post-traumatic stress condition due to extreme involvement in war, insurgency or terrorism; while the female characters have embraced repression as a coping strategy for existence after kidnapping and sexual abuse—a phenomenon of inherent self-defence that has resulted to mental breakdown. Notably, the characters in the selected novels have employed the structured models of the mind (Id, Ego and Superego) in their rebellious and independent tendencies against tyrannical powers.
Ifeoma Ezinne Odinye; Ifunanya Cynthia Mokwe
INSUFFCIENT FUNDS OR NEGLIGENCE OF ABIA STATE GOVERNMENT ON PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM: THE BLAMES 1991-2024
The public school system in Abia State, Nigeria, has faced significant challenges since the state's creation in 1991. A primary issue has been the persistent paucity of funds, which has crippled the development of the education sector, impacting the quality of teaching, infrastructure, and learning outcomes. However, the question arises: is the crisis primarily due to a lack of funds, or is it a result of mismanagement, systemic neglect, and governmental inefficiency? This study seeks to interrogate the root causes of the crisis in Abia State’s public school system, exploring both the financial constraints and the role of negligence in the educational sector. Through a thorough examination of historical, political, and economic factors, this paper assesses the extent to which financial mismanagement, lack of government prioritization, and negligence have affected the development of public schools in Abia State. By focusing on the period from 1991 to 2024, the study identifies the blames for the longstanding challenges facing the state's education system and proposes strategies for addressing the root causes to foster a more effective and sustainable educational system.
TINUBU’S DIPLOMATIC STRATEGIES IN ECOWAS CRISIS MANAGEMENT
This study explores the pivotal role of Nigeria, under President Bola Ahmed Tinubu's leadership, in managing crises within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The region has been beset by political instability, military coups, and security threats, with ECOWAS at the forefront of efforts to mediate and resolve these challenges. The research aims to assess Tinubu’s diplomatic strategies in navigating these crises and his influence on regional peace and stability. Guided by the regional security complex theory, which highlights the interdependence of states’ security concerns, this study adopts a qualitative approach, relying on secondary data from government reports, ECOWAS communiqués, and scholarly articles. The findings reveal that Tinubu has employed a range of strategies, including bilateral negotiations, multilateral diplomacy, and the use of economic sanctions to address conflicts. His administration has also emphasized preventive diplomacy, engaging stakeholders to avert escalation. The study underscores Tinubu's reshaping of Nigeria’s leadership within ECOWAS, reinforcing its commitment to regional security. However, challenges such as resistance from military regimes and economic limitations have hindered progress. To enhance long-term peace, the research recommends a balanced approach, integrating diplomatic engagement with economic incentives and fostering greater regional cooperation. Ultimately, this paper highlights the need for multifaceted strategies in ECOWAS’s crisis management efforts to ensure sustained peace in West Africa.
Onyendi, Goodness Chinaza Nelvin; Dr Ikechukwu Emmanuel Uvere
RIGHT TO LIFE, RIGHT TO SELF DEFENCE AND CRIMINAL ELEMENTS IN NIGERIA
Nigeria has witnessed a rise in criminal elements killing Nigerians on daily basis. The Nigerian government seem overwhelmed by the sheer weight of the activities of these criminal elements. There has been little or no arrest of these people. Even those arrested are not arraigned to face appropriate punishments. There have been reports of some of these criminal elements being admitted or absorbed into the military and paramilitary services. The worrying aspect of the activities of these criminals is the fact that they are carrying out their activities without any resistance or defense from the Nigerian citizens who are the victims of the criminal activities.
ETHNIC TENSIONS AND DEMANDS FOR AUTONOMY IN GUINEA-BISSAU: CHALLENGES FOR ECOWAS UNITY
Guinea-Bissau, a small nation in West Africa, has long grappled with deep-rooted ethnic tensions and persistent demands for autonomy, which undermine its stability and threaten the broader unity of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). These challenges stem from a complex interplay of historical, socio-political, and economic factors that have fueled marginalization and grievances among various ethnic groups. This study aims to investigate the root causes of these tensions and evaluate their impact on ECOWAS’s regional integration efforts. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, the study relies on secondary data to assess governance dynamics, the role of local elites, and the effectiveness of ECOWAS interventions. Guided by conflict resolution and integration theories, the study emphasizes the importance of inclusive governance and equitable resource allocation in mitigating ethnic strife. Findings reveal that a lack of effective leadership, weak institutional frameworks, and inadequate conflict management strategies have exacerbated ethnic divisions, creating significant barriers to national unity and regional cohesion. ECOWAS’s interventions, while commendable, often lack the necessary depth to address underlying grievances sustainably. The study concludes that resolving ethnic tensions and fostering unity in Guinea-Bissau requires a holistic approach that prioritizes inclusive dialogue, institutional reform, and economic empowerment. It recommends that ECOWAS adopt tailored, culturally sensitive conflict resolution mechanisms and strengthen its support for grassroots reconciliation initiatives. By addressing these challenges, Guinea-Bissau can become a cornerstone for stability and integration in West Africa.
Dr Ikechukwu Emmanuel Uvere; Chukwu, Hamuel Oti
THE DARK HISTORY OF NON-CONSENSUAL STERILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN IN CANADA
Forced or coerced sterilization is performed without a person’s free, prior, full, and informed consent. This violates multiple human rights, autonomy, informed consent and is an act of gender-based violence. This research examines the implications of non-consensual sterilization, focusing on its impact on Indigenous women in Canada. This article highlights the gaps in protections for Indigenous women’s reproductive autonomy. It also assesses government responses and explores potential legal reforms and policy measures to ensure justice for survivors and prevent future violations. Human rights provisions make an individual’s informed consent a precondition to the legality of sterilization. Non-consensual sterilization may take the form of forced or coerced sterilization. Non-consensual in the form of forced or coerced sterilization is a surgical procedure to prevent conception, performed without a patient’s free, prior, and informed consent. There is historical evidence of forced or coerced sterilization in Canada. This is a dark chapter in Canadian history, marked by the violation of individuals' reproductive rights and bodily autonomy. In the past, some provinces in Canada enacted laws to forcibly sterilize women deemed unfit to procreate. The practice of sterilization rose out of the eugenics movement and has a long-hidden history in Canada. Alberta and British Columbia had laws requiring the sterilization of people considered mentally defective. These laws existed until 1972 and 1973 respectively. There have been reports of forced or coerced sterilization in Canadian hospitals as recently as 2019. Indigenous women and persons deemed mentally defective were disproportionally targeted. Apart from affecting the reproductive rights of women, forced sterilization also violates the right to autonomy and informed consent and human rights, especially the right to liberty and dignity. Courts and various international organizations have condemned and frowned at the forced sterilization of women, but unfortunately, this has not brought forced sterilization to an end. There is a need to move beyond human rights remedies to hold perpetrators of non-consensual sterilization accountable and criminally liable for non-consensual sterilization in Canada. Senator Yvonne Boyer on June 14, 2022, introduced Bill S-250, An Act to amend the Criminal Code regarding sterilization procedures and the criminalization of non-consensual sterilization in Canada. This research aims to contribute to the broader discourse on reproductive justice for Indigenous women and offer pathways for strengthening reproductive rights protections in Canada.Patients are autonomous individuals with the right to make medical decisions.
PRAGMATICS OF EXISTENCE: CYBERSECURITY, FORENSIC PRAGMATICS AND HUMAN EXISTENCE
The paper investigates how forensic pragmatics can be applied to cybersecurity issues to preserve the integrity and sustainability of human life in an increasingly visual world. In a digital-driven world, human existence is increasingly threatened by sophisticated cyberattacks and the misuse of virtual platforms. As technology evolves, so do the methods of cybercriminals, whose actions not only affect digital infrastructure but also compromise individual safety, national security, and social stability. It aims to analyze how forensic pragmatics tools can enhance cybersecurity efforts and protect human existence by interpreting and addressing cybercrime discourse. The paper focuses on pragmatic elements (speech acts, implicature, context) in cybercriminal discourse, such as email scams, phishing messages, cyberbullying, and online fraud. The research is limited to selected case studies and data sources from Nigeria's cyberspace, court documents, digital threats, and online corpora. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework adopted for this study isSpeech Act theory (Austin, 1992; Searle, 169), Grice’s Cooperative Principle and maxims of conversation (Grice, 1975). Findings reveal that most cybercriminal messages heavily rely on indirect speech acts, implicatures, and urgency cues to manipulate the target. Noteworthy, over 80% of phishing emails used presupposition and contextual deixis (“here”, “how”, “your”, “account”) to pressure users into compliance. Also, linguistic ambiguity is a major tool to exploit victims’ cognitive biases and emotional responses (e.g.,fear, urgency, greed). Forensic pragmatics provided critical insights in 67% of examined cybercrime cases, particularly in distinguishing genuine versus manipulated intent. Cybercriminals mimicked intuitional politeness to reduce suspicion. The study concludes that protecting human existence in cyberspace requires not only robust digital infrastructures but also the integration of linguistic forensics and ethical consciousness in policy and practice.
Olachi Enemuo (Ph.D); Ruth Chinazaekpere Igbokwe
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE CRASH OF CIVILISATION: UNDERSTANDING THE FARMERS HERDERS CRISIS IN NIGERIA
The farmers–herders crisis in Nigeria has become one of the most serious challenges affecting peace, food production, and community life in the country. This study examines the causes and effects of the crisis, describing it as a “clash of civilisations” between two different ways of life farming and cattle herding. The research shows that as the environment changes and grazing lands in the North become drier, herders are forced to move south in search of water and pasture. This movement often leads to clashes with local farmers who depend on the same land for crop cultivation. The study also explains how poor government policies, weak security systems, and the breakdown of traditional conflict-resolution mechanisms have worsened the situation. The crisis is therefore not just about land or animals but also about inequality, poor leadership, and the failure to manage resources fairly. The study suggests that solving the problem requires stronger policies that encourage peaceful coexistence, fair land use, climate adaptation, and sustained dialogue between farmers and herders. Understanding this conflict shows how differences in culture, livelihood, and access to resources can create deeper social problems if not properly managed.
QUO VADIS NIGERIA? A PHILOSOPHICAL INTERROGATION OF A NATION IN GRIP OF POLITICAL INCOMPETENCE
Why are the Nigerian youths, in great numbers, migrating to Western nations and many other African countries today? Again, why does the rate of insecurity in Nigeria continue to increase daily? In many parts of the country, citizens cannot sleep with both eyes closed due to the menace of bandits, unknown gunmen, and deadly Fulani herdsmen terrorists. These groups kill innocent Nigerians in Benue, Jos, Kogi, Enugu, and Ebonyi, while widespread kidnappings occur in many other areas, with perpetrators demanding ransom payments. Boko Haram terrorists are also unleashing deadly attacks on citizens, pushing the Nigerian state closer to stagnation and near collapse – what some described as the threshold of a failed state. Inflation is alarmingly high, reflected in the soaring prices of goods and services, the high cost of food items, chronic electricity shortages, and skyrocketing fuel and diesel prices. The exchange rate of the Naira to the Dollar is equally disturbing. Nigeria is often referred to as the “Giant of Africa” due to its land mass, abundant human capital, and rich natural and human resources. However, these advantages have not translated into improved living conditions for the average Nigerians. This paradox is largely attributable to poor leadership, systemic corruption, and political incompetence among Nigeria’s ruling elites. Yet, amidst the current calamity and widespread hardship, the All Progressive Congress (APC) - led government appears unbothered. Rather than focusing on alleviating the sufferings of people, their preoccupation seems to be securing victory in the year 2027 general elections. This is deeply troubling as it raises the question, how many citizens will still be alive by then, if the present situation remains unchanged? Using Philosophical analysis as our methodology, this paper undertakes a critical interrogation of the Nigerian state, guided by the Latin question: “Quo Vadis?” (Where are you going?). In our analysis, we examine the fundamental causes of the Nigeria’s decline and propose viable solutions and the way forward. With these recommendations - centered on ethical leadership and productive governance- we hope that, like St. Peter who, upon asking Jesus this question, turned back and embrace the crucibles of the discipleship, Nigeria too will turn back from the brink and move towards genuine democratic leadership, good governance, and economic prosperity for its citizens.
The importance of territory in international law explains the fact that it represents one of the main reasons for inter ethnic, as well inter-state conflicts, in which all sides claim their own rights to the territory. Because of this, geographical claims, in the nature of Irredentism, have been raised throughout history. In Africa, there have been series of such claims, including those of Cameroon and Nigeria over Bakassi, Eritrea and Ethiopia over Badme, Morocco against Mauritania and the Sahahawi People’s Democratic Republic, Somali claim over Somaliland (Djibouti), and many more claims. The reasons for these claims have been attributed to a number of factor ranging from economic disparity of boarder States, historical nexus and demographic overlap. This situation has given rise to loss of lives and unfriendly diplomatic relationship. This paper therefore analyzed the irredentist claim vis-à-vis the international principles of territorial integrity and inviolability of States, as well and the principle of self-determination. Using the doctrinal method of research approach, the paper analyzed provisions of some international legal instruments and domestic laws of some States. Findings revealed that the inviolability of territorial integrity of States cannot be compromised under the guise of agitation for self-determination. At best a referendum maybe conducted with the full consent of the States. It is only through this way that a successful irredentist claim can be recognized.
Agbara, Daniel Obodoechi; Okaphor Ejike Francis PhD; Ngene Lilian Adannaya
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH: AN APPRAISAL OF THE NIGERIAN SITUATION 1995-2023
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organisation that plays a pivotal role in shaping global trade policies, fostering economic cooperation and addressing trade disputes among its member states. For developing countries in the Global South, the WTO represents both an opportunity for economic integration and a platform to voice concerns about inequities in the global trading system. Nigeria, being a part of the WTO has Africa’s largest economy and most populous nation and it has been an active participant in the WTO since its inception in 1995. The WTO has a principle of trade without borders and it has its focus in the area of liberalization and privatization. Now, Nigeria being a member of this organization seeks to reaffirm its commitment to international trade and seek technical aids to help build its economic prestige in the global market. Hence this article seeks to examine Nigeria’s engagement with the WTO from 1995 to 2023 and the progress its economy has recorded since its membership. Despite Nigeria’s membership in the World Trade Organization since 1995, the country just like the other countries that make up the global south has continued to face some significant challenges that has limited them from fully benefiting from total global trade liberation. This article employs a descriptive research method, focusing primarily on the collection and analysis of primary data gathered through qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, including community leaders, government officials, etc. For the secondary sources, relevant documents such as published and unpublished books and papers, lecture notes, articles, textbooks, journals and newspapers obtained from the library, internet and documentaries were consulted. The WTO being a body that facilitates trade relations amongst countries has from inception ordained its objectives. Nigeria, as a member country showed its full commitment to the organization by implementing policies and programmes that includes; primary export-oriented philosophy, planned public sector led economic development, import substitution, indigenization, Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), NEEDS (National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy) deregulation, public private partnership, privatization and commercialization. All these were in line with the WTO guidelines. However, with all the above listed effort by the organization and Nigeria as a member, this article was able to bring to light that the objectives of the WTO to serve as a body that would push Nigeria to the horizon in global trade has been limited because over the years oil has been Nigeria’s greatest revenue generator and this is what the nation has been relying on and this has limited the countries investment in other sectors such as agriculture, tourism etc. Sequel to this existing trade imbalance, this article while advocating that the WTO abort certain policies hurting Nigeria’s Economy, equally suggest proper economic diversification.
DR. EZEONWUKA, INNOCENT-FRANKLYN; DR. UZOHO, PRINCEWILL IKECHUKWU; UDEH, AKACHUKWU VICTOR
DIGITAL HUMANITIES AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Digital Humanities emerged with the interplay between traditional humanities and computational methods of designing, computing and modelling human activities in a variety of domains. It is a broad field of research and scholarly activity covering not only the use of digital methods by arts and humanities researchers and collaboration by digital Humanities, specialists with computing and scientific disciplines, but also how the arts and humanities offer distinctive insights into the major social and cultural issues raised by the development of digital technologies. Thus, Work in this field is necessarily collaborative, involving multiple skills, disciplines, and areas of expertise. In essence, this paper discusses the concept of digital Humanities and interdisciplinary research, its' impacts to arts and humanities scholars, students as well as offers the rudiments/patterns for doing research across all disciplines within arts, humanities and other areas of research thereto.
Dr. kenechukwu K. Makwudo; Rev Fr. Dr. Basil Okonkwo
ENHANCING INTIMACY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON LONG-DISTANCE RELATIONSHIPS
Technology has advanced significantly over the past few decades. This development, particularly in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI), has greatly impacted many aspects of human life, including romantic relationships. Long distance relationships, in particular, have benefited immensely from these advancements. With the help of AI, couples separated by distance are now able to maintain strong emotional connections and enhance their romantic experiences. This comes in light of the well-documented challenges and complexities commonly associated with long-distance relationships. This study aims to examine how artificial intelligence enhances romantic relationships—especially long-distance ones—by highlighting its benefits, potential downsides, and the ethical issues that may arise from its use. The study argues that, despite potential pitfalls, AI remains a valuable tool for improving and sustaining romantic connections. Furthermore, it asserts that AI has a solid and growing place in the future of human relationships. The research will draw upon theoretical frameworks such as the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Rusbult’s Investment Model to analyze and evaluate the roles and opportunities that AI presents in the context of long-distance relationships. Using an ethnographic research approach, the study will adopt a qualitative method of analysis. The findings will support the notion that artificial intelligence is revolutionizing the dynamics of long-distance relationships. Through innovations such as advanced communication tools, virtual reality experiences, and personalized digital interactions, AI is significantly enhancing intimacy and connection between partners. As technology continues to evolve, so too will the nature of romantic relationships around the world—becoming increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence and digital tools.
BEYOND THIS MOMENT IN AFRICA: Womanism as an Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism: the conditions of its possibility
Since after the Second World War, perceptions about a good number of things began to change, this includes and not limited to the rise, wake and consciousness of the concept of feminism. Today, the crusade on feminism has permeated Africa, such that African Feminist scholars are now at the front burners of this argument using activism, knowledge and creativity to challenge situations that affect women negatively in a bid to protect the African women against African socio-cultural and religious events that marginalize women on the basis of gender and to liberate women from the limited notion of womanhood in reshaping the narrative of African womanhood. Employing the method of analysis in philosophy, this work provided a virtuous middle ground for a better discussion and placement of the female gender in the scheme of things in Africa. It arrived at the fact that the Western socio- cultural and religious background varies from that of the African woman and concluded that one cannot merge all African women under an unrealistic expectations of Western feminist theory, but instead to recognize and respect the differences that exist as a result of these diversities. In African culture, feminism has a better replacement with concepts like womanism and gender role division.
Anselm C. Onuorah; Enemuo Johnpaul Chinedu
THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON POLICY AND DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY NIGERIA SOCIETY
Nigeria is one of the secular states in the world, as such decisions and policies made in her should be void of religious influences and undertones. In recent time, there has been myriad of questions and queries on whether Nigeria still operates a secular system or has there been a switch into theocratic state. This is owing to the fact that supposed distinctions between the two practices have been intertwine, hence erasing the witnessed demarcation between them. It will not be out of place to assert that most of the policies and decisions in the present day Nigeria have always been influenced by either the Christian or Islamic religions which are seen as the major faiths in the present day religious landscape. This observation leaves scholars with many questions begging for answer, of which this work is going to address. This study will be approached sociologically and will follow the theoretical framework of crossing and dwelling. The paper finds that religions has oftentimes influenced the decision making process of the nation which has its attendant implications on the society. The paper therefore concludes that policies and decision making in Nigeria should not be devoid of religion and religious backing and must always take into cognizance the interest of other religious traditions. The paper therefore recommends that for the contemporary society to move forward and reach its expected goal there should be a clear distinction between the secular and the sacred and matter of secular should be handled without giving room for any religious influence of any such.
Ekenedilichukwu A. Okolo, PhD; Rev Edwin O. Nwanchor, PhD